A young Chinese AI startup, DeepSeek, sparked a massive rout in U.S. technology stocks Monday as its highly competitive — and potentially shockingly cost-effective — models stoked doubts about the hundreds of billions of dollars that America’s biggest tech companies are spending on artificial intelligence.
DeepSeek’s emergence is shaking up investor confidence in the AI story that has been lifting the U.S. bull market the past two years. It calls into question the hype around Nvidia’s chips and rippled all the way through the market to hit shares of power producers who were set to get a boost from AI data center demand.
Here’s how the DeepSeek-triggered market sell-off on Wall Street unfolded:
New reasoning model
DeepSeek was founded in May 2023 by Liang Wenfeng, who partly funded the company by his AI-powered hedge fund. In late December, the AI developer launched a free, open-source large language model that it said took only two months to develop and less than $6 million to build.
On Jan. 20, the Hangzhou, China-based DeepSeek released R1, a reasoning model that outperformed Open AI’s latest o1 model in many third-party tests.
DeepSeek is looking to differentiate from its competitors with its reasoning capabilities, meaning that before delivering the final answer, the model first generates a “chain of thought” to enhance the accuracy of its responses.
Top-performing model
The buzz around DeepSeek’s R1 seemingly picked up steam after Alexandr Wang, CEO of Scale AI, touted its competitiveness against the best products from the U.S. megacap tech giants, which were thought to be leading the AI war. Scale AI provides data to help companies train their AI tools.
“What we found is that DeepSeek, which is the leading Chinese AI lab, their model is actually the top performing, or roughly on par with the best American models,” Wang said on CNBC from the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, last week.
Wang said DeepSeek actually has more H100 chips from Nvidia than expected — about 50,000 of them. Those chips are the processor of choice for AI firms in the U.S. such as OpenAI, and the U.S. has banned the sale of advanced AI chips to China.
Nvidia shares took a 3% hit Friday as chatter about DeepSeek started to pick up.
No. 1 app
Over the weekend the hype surrounding DeepSeek reached a fever pitch on social media.
Marc Andreessen, co-founder and general partner of venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz, sang DeepSeek’s praises on X, saying the R1 model is “one of the most amazing and impressive breakthroughs” he’s ever seen. Andreessen’s portfolio includes Airbnb and dozens of AI companies.
Tech investor Chamath Palihapitiya on X pointed to DeepSeek’s “very good” report, which said its R1 model “essentially cracked one of the holy grails of AI: getting models to reason step-by-step without relying on massive supervised datasets.”
The Chinese AI app DeepSeek is seen in Apple’s U.S. app store on an iPhone 12, Jan. 27, 2025. In the ranking of free apps, DeepSeek was even ahead of ChatGPT from OpenAI.
Picture Alliance | Getty Images
By this point, DeepSeek’s mobile app surged to the top of Apple‘s app store download charts over the weekend in the U.S., marking a tangible threat to pricier models such as OpenAI’s ChatGPT.
U.S. futures were down big overnight Sunday and investors woke up to a sea of red Monday morning.
Nasdaq Composite, 1-day
AI darling and chip producer Nvidia saw shares tumbling 16.9% on Monday for its worst day since March 2020.
Nvidia, 1-day
Other chipmakers as well as power providers were hit big. The tech-heavy Nasdaq Composite was down more than 3% on Monday, dragged down by megacap names.