Heat Pump vs. Central Air Conditioning (AC): Cost, Maintenance, Energy Efficiency

Heat pump systems can heat and cool, while a central air system only cools. A central air conditioning system (AC) is typically paired with a furnace or boiler, creating a full heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system.

Heat pumps typically cost more upfront than a traditional central air system, but they are more energy efficient and can help you save on ongoing utility costs.

Heat pumps typically cost more upfront than AC units, though energy bill savings and ongoing maintenance costs can help offset that investment.

Heat pumps tend to cost a bit more than AC units, though prices can be similar depending on the model of the unit. Popular AC units cost between $2,000 and $3,000, according to EnergySage, while heat pumps range from $3,000 to $6,000.

Also, heat pumps replace both heating and cooling in your home, while AC units only cool, so make sure to factor in the added cost of a furnace or boiler, which can range from around $2,000 to $10,000.

Heat pumps typically cost between $4,000 and $7,000 to install. Central AC installation costs about the same — from $3,500 to $7,000, according to Angi. Expect higher costs if you need to install or replace ductwork, which can be necessary for both central AC and heat pumps if you don’t have a ductless system.

Average heat pump repairs cost between $160 and $640. Air conditioner repairs can cost as little as $200, but sometimes cost $2,000 or more, depending on the issue. Heat pumps may need repair more frequently, though, because they typically run during multiple seasons, while air conditioning typically only runs during the hot months.

Expect a heat pump to last around 15 years, and a central air system to last between 15 and 20 years.

The U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory estimated in a 2024 news release that 62% to 95% of American households would see a drop in energy bills by switching to a heat pump ^[0]. Heat pumps also reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially if they’re a replacement for a system that was using fossil fuels.

The Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER2) evaluates the energy efficiency of home heating and cooling systems. Central AC and heat pump systems are both available with high SEER2 ratings, but heat pump systems tend to score higher.

There are several other options for heating and cooling your home that may be more cost-effective, energy-efficient or functional, depending on your needs.

• Ductless mini-split systems create modular, room-by-room solutions for cooling and heating without ducts. These work best for cooling smaller spaces or focusing air conditioning in a specific zone, as multiple mini-splits can cost more than a central air system. 

• Portable window units are small AC units that cool just one room. They’re easy to turn on and off, allowing energy-conscious consumers to use them only when they really need cool air for comfort.

• Geothermal heat pumps require extensive excavation but can produce high energy efficiency and low maintenance costs over a long lifespan. These systems can be a great investment for larger buildings, but may be too costly upfront for most homeowners.